Optimization of Cr(VI) Photocatalytic Reduction by UV/TiO2  : Influence of Inorganic and Organic  species and Kinetic Study

Azizi, Amir; Saien, Javad

doi:10.29252/ArchHygSci.7.2.81

Volume 7, Issue 2 (Spring 2018 2018) Arch Hyg Sci 2018, 7(2): 81-90 | Back to browse issues page

‎ 10.29252/ArchHygSci.7.2.81

‎ 20.1001.1.22519203.2018.7.2.8.3

Mendeley

Zotero

RefWorks

Azizi A, Saien J. Optimization of Cr(VI) Photocatalytic Reduction by UV/TiO2 : Influence of Inorganic and Organic species and Kinetic Study. Arch Hyg Sci 2018; 7 (2) :81-90
URL: http://jhygiene.muq.ac.ir/article-1-283-en.html

Optimization of Cr(VI) Photocatalytic Reduction by UV/TiO2 : Influence of Inorganic and Organic species and Kinetic Study

Amir Azizi ^*

¹, Javad Saien²

1- Department of Chemistry,Faculty of Since, Arak University, Arak, 38156-8-8138, Iran
2- Department of Applied Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan

Abstract: (3977 Views)

Background & Aims of the Study: Chromium is widely detected in surface waters and underground waters, which usually appear as Cr(VI), and Cr(III), at sites associated with industrial activities. Cr(VI), in effluent streams with a high level of mobility and notorious mutagenic and carcinogenic toxicity; thus Cr(III) does not have much mobility in soil. So, converting it into less harmful species could be beneficial.
Materials & Methods: Cr(VI) photocatalytic reduction in aqueous media was analyzed using desperately low dosages of nanoparticles of commercial titania. A directly imposed irradiation photoreactor equipped with a supersonic source was applied. The optimization of the reduction process was done using the central composite design (CCD) experimental. The residual concentration of Cr(VI) ion was determined by colorimetrically method. In addition, the impact of other factors, including water matrix and hole scavengers, also reduction kinetics were studied.
Results: A quadratic equation for reduction efficiency was proposed, and the adequacy of it was evaluated by a variety of statistical methods. A maximum of 80.6% reduction in aqueous samples containing an initial concentration of Cr(VI) within the investigated optimum operating condition (TiO₂ dose of 33 mg/L; pH of 2.5, T=35 and t=120 min) was obtained. Results indicate that UV irradiation alone is an acceptable method for Cr(VI) reduction maybe due to H₂O₂ photolytic generation. The results show Cr(VI) photoreduction was greatly enhanced by about 88.2% when NO₃⁻ was used in comparison with SO₄²⁻ anion. The photoreduction enhancements with the scavengers are appeared in the following order ethylene glycol > formic acid > citric acid with relevant. Maximum reduction of 96.5% for Cr(VI) was obtained in the presence of ethylene glycol hole scavenger. The results indicated that the process rate can be presented with a pseudo-first-order kinetic model.

Conclusion: The results showed, the CCD design was approximately adequate in Cr(VI) reduction, so it can be a suitable option for water quality improvement. The addition of inorganic or organic species can act as scavenging hydroxyl radicals- which are photo-generated- and valanceband holes that are on the photocatalysts of the semiconductor, and consistently, enhance the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) ion.

Keywords: Photocatalytic reduction, Hexavalent chromium, Hole scavenger, Kinetic, Energy consumption, Iran

Full-Text [PDF 906 kb] (1022 Downloads) | | Full-Text (HTML) (885 Views)

Type of Study: Original Article | Subject: Environmental Health
Received: 2018/01/12 | Accepted: 2018/04/28 | Published: 2018/05/1

References

1. References

2. Xu H, Liu Y, Tay J. Effect of pH on nickel biosorption by aerobic granular sludge. Bioresource Technology 2006; 97 (3): 359-363. [DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.03.011]

3. Yoon J, Shim E, Joo H. Photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) using rotating TiO2 mesh. Korean J Chem Eng 2009; 26 (5): 1296-1300. [DOI:10.1007/s11814-009-0228-1]

4. Gupta V, Ali I. Removal of cadmium and nickel from wastewater using bagasse fly ash-a sugar industry waste. Water Res 2003; 37 (16): 4038-4044. [DOI:10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00292-6]

5. Gupta V, Jain C, Ali I, Sharma M, Saini V. Removal of lead and chromium from wastewater using bagasse fly ash-a sugar industry waste. J. Colloid Interface Sci 2004; 271 (2): 321-328. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcis.2003.11.007]

6. Chen D, Ray A. Removal of toxic metal ions from wastewater by semiconductor photocatalysis. Chem Eng Sci 2001; 56 (4): 1561-1570. [DOI:10.1016/S0009-2509(00)00383-3]

7. Sibonia M, Samadi M,, Yangc J, Leed S. Photocatalytic removal of Cr(VI) and Ni(II) by UV/TiO2: kinetic study. Desalination Water Treat 2012; 40 (1-3): 77-83. [DOI:10.1080/19443994.2012.671144]

8. Caliman A, Teodosiu C, Balasanian I. Applications of heterogeneous photocatalysis for industrial wastewater treatment. Environ Eng Manag J 2002; 1 (2): 187-196. [DOI:10.30638/eemj.2002.017]

9. Lacour S, Bollinger C, Serpaud B, Chantron D, Arcos R. Removal of heavy metals in industrial wastewaters by ion-exchanger grafted textiles. Anal Chim Acta 2001; 428: 121-132. [DOI:10.1016/S0003-2670(00)01215-0]

10. Malkoc E, Nuhoglu Y. Removal of Ni(II) ions from aqueous solutions using waste of tea factory: Adsorption on a fixed-bed column. J Hazard Mater 2006; 135 (1-3): 328-336. [DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.070]

11. World Health Organization, Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 3rd ed. Geneva, Switzerland; 2006. p. 54.

12. Wu W, Peng J. Linear control of electrochemical tubular reactor system-Removal of Cr(VI) from wastewaters. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011; 42 (3): 498-505. [DOI:10.1016/j.jtice.2010.08.014]

13. Bhatkhande S, Pangarkar G, Beenackers A. Photocatalytic degradation for environmental applications-a review. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 2001; 77 (1): 102-116. [DOI:10.1002/jctb.532]

14. Blake M, Webb J, Turchi C, Magrini K. Kinetic and mechanistic overview of titania photocatalyzed oxidation reactions in aqueous solution. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 1991; 24 (1-4): 584-593. [DOI:10.1016/0165-1633(91)90092-Y]

15. Khalil L, Mourad W, Rophael M. Photocatalytic reduction of environmental pollutant Cr(VI) over some semiconductors under UV/visible light illumination. Appl Catal B 1998; 17: 267-273. [DOI:10.1016/S0926-3373(98)00020-4]

16. Ku Y, Jung I. Photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions by UV irradiation with the presence of titanium dioxide. Water Res 2001; 35 (1): 135-142. [DOI:10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00098-1]

17. Saien J, Delavari H, Solymani A. Sono-assisted photocatalytic degradation of styrene-acrylic acid copolymer in aqueous media with nano titania particles and kinetic studies. J Hazard Mater 2010; 177 (1-3): 1031-1039. [DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.024]

18. Editorial board of enviroment protection bureau of China, Monitoring and Determination Methods for Water and Wastewater. 4th ed., Beijing, China Environmental Science press; 2002.

19. Sakkas V, Islam M, Stalikas C, Albanis T. Photocatalytic degradation using design of experiments: Areview and example of the congo red degradation. J Hazard Mater 2010; 175 (1-3): 33-44. [DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.050]

20. Saien J, Nejati H. Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in petroleum refinery wastewater under mild conditions, J Hazard Mater 2007; 148 (1-2): 491-495. [DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.03.001]

21. Ku Y, Jung I. Photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions by UV irradiation with the presence of titanium dioxide. Water Res 2001; 35 (1): 135-42. [DOI:10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00098-1]

22. Gratzel M., Energy resources through photochemistry and catalysis, Academic Press, New York; 1983.

23. Joseph C, Gianluca L. Sonophotocatalysis in advanced oxidation process: a short review. Ultrason Sonochem 2009; 16 (5): 583-589. [DOI:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2009.02.002]

24. Pettine M, Campanella L, Millero F. Reduction of hexavalent chromium by H2O2 in acidic solutions. Environ Sci Technol 2002; 36 (5): 901-907 [DOI:10.1021/es010086b]

25. Wang S, Chen C, Tzou Y. A mechanism study of light-induced Cr(VI) reduction in acidic solution. J Hazard Mater 2009; 164 (1): 223-228. [DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.145]

26. Kyung H, Lee J, Choi W. Simultaneous and synergistic convwesion of dyes and heavy metal ions in aqueous TiO2 suspensions under visible-light illumination. Environ Sci Technol 2005; 39 (7): 2376-2382. [DOI:10.1021/es0492788]

27. Burns R, Crittenden J, Hand D, Selzer V, Sutter L, Salman S. Effect of inorganic ions in the heterogenous photocatalysis of trichloroethene. J Environ Eng 1999; 125 (1): 77-85. [DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:1(77)]

28. Hsu C, Wang S, Tzou Y. Photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) in the presence of NO3 − and Cl− electrolytes as influenced by Fe(III). Environ Sci Technol 2007; 41(22): 7907-7914. [DOI:10.1021/es0718164]

29. Penpolcharoen M, Amal R, Brungs M. Degradation of sucrose and nitrate over titania coated nano-hematite photo-catalysts. ‎J Nanopart Res 2001; 3: 289-302. [DOI:10.1023/A:1017929204380]

30. Mack J, Bolton J. Photochemistry of nitrite and nitrate in aqueous solution: a review. J Photochem Photobio 1999; 128 (1-3): 1-13. [DOI:10.1016/S1010-6030(99)00155-0]

31. Forouzan F, Richards T, Bard A. Photoinduced reaction at TiO2 particles. photodeposition from Ni(II) solutions with oxalate. J Phys Chem A 1996; 100 (46): 18123-18127. [DOI:10.1021/jp953241f]

32. Wang X, Pehkonen S, Ray A. Removal of aqueous Cr(VI) by a combination of photocatalytic reduction and coprecipitation, Ind Eng Chem. Res 2004; 43 (7): 1665-1672. [DOI:10.1021/ie030580j]

33. Saien J, Azizi A, Soleymani A. Optimized photocatalytic conversion of Ni(II) ions with very low titania nanoparticles at different temperatures; kinetics and energy consumption. Sep Purif Technol 2014; 134: 187-195. [DOI:10.1016/j.seppur.2014.07.027]

34. Khataee A, Safarpour M, Zarei M, Aber S. Combined heterogeneous and homogeneous photodegradation of a dye using immobilized TiO2 nanophotocatalyst and modified graphite electrode with carbon nanotubes. J Mol Catal A 2012; (363- 364): 58- 68. [DOI:10.1016/j.molcata.2012.05.016]

35. Bolton J, Bircher K, Tumas W, Tolman C. Figures-of-merit for the technical development and application of advanced oxidation technologies for both electric and solar-driven systems. Pure Appl Chem 2001; 73 (4): 627-637. [DOI:10.1351/pac200173040627]

36. http://www.eia.doe.gov (US Government Energy Information Administration, Independent Statistics and Analysis); 2017.

37. Wang X, Pehkonen S, Ray A. Removal of aqueous Cr(VI) by a combination of photocatalytic reduction and coprecipitation. ‎Ind Eng Chem Res 2004; 43(7): 1665-1672. [DOI:10.1021/ie030580j]

38. Jiang F, Zheng Z, Xu Z, Zheng S, Guo Z, Chen L. Aqueous Cr(VI) photo-reduction catalyzed by TiO2 and sulfated TiO2. J Hazard Mater 2006; 134(1-3): 94-103. [DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.10.041]

39. Siemon U, Bahnemann D, Testa J, Rodriguez D, Litter M, Bruno N. Heterogeneous photocatalytic reactions comparing TiO2 and Pt/TiO2. J Photochem Photobiol A 2002; 148 (1-3): 247-55. [DOI:10.1016/S1010-6030(02)00050-3]