Evaluation of Lead and Cadmium Levels of Iranian and Imported Rice in Kermanshah, 2016 (Iran)

Mohammadi, Parviz; Pouursadeghiyan, Mohsen; Yarmohammadi, Ayub; Darsanj, Afshin; Eskankari, Soudabeh; Khodadadian, Bahman; Jahangirimehr, Azam; Sohrabi, Younes

doi:10.29252/ArchHygSci.7.2.106

Volume 7, Issue 2 (Spring 2018 2018) Arch Hyg Sci 2018, 7(2): 106-111 | Back to browse issues page

‎ 10.29252/ArchHygSci.7.2.106

‎ 20.1001.1.22519203.2018.7.2.2.7

Mendeley

Zotero

RefWorks

Mohammadi P, Pouursadeghiyan M, Yarmohammadi A, Darsanj A, Eskankari S, Khodadadian B, et al . Evaluation of Lead and Cadmium Levels of Iranian and Imported Rice in Kermanshah, 2016 (Iran). Arch Hyg Sci 2018; 7 (2) :106-111
URL: http://jhygiene.muq.ac.ir/article-1-286-en.html

Evaluation of Lead and Cadmium Levels of Iranian and Imported Rice in Kermanshah, 2016 (Iran)

Parviz Mohammadi¹

, Mohsen Pouursadeghiyan²

, Ayub Yarmohammadi³

, Afshin Darsanj⁴

, Soudabeh Eskankari⁴

, Bahman Khodadadian⁵

, Azam Jahangirimehr⁶

, Younes Sohrabi ^*

⁴

1- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
2- Research Center in Emergency and Disaster Health, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3- Depatment of food Safety and Hygiene, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
4- Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
5- Health center of Kermanshah City, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
6- Department of Health, Shoushtar School of Medical Scienses

Abstract: (4662 Views)

Background & Aims of the Study: One concern of human is heavy metals pollution of food products such as rice. It is a fact that rice is one of the most consumed items in the diet of Iranian people. This study was conducted to evaluate lead and cadmium levels of Iranian and imported rice in Kermanshah city, Iran, 2016.
Materials & Methods: This descriptive- analytical and cross sectional study is conducted in Kermanshah, 2016. In this study, 30 Iranian and imported rice samples were selected and sampled. The concentrations of heavy metals (lead and cadmium) were collected, using ICP-OES machine in order to read and compared with the standard values of Food and Drug Administration; also, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) standard. In this study, one-sample t-test and SPSS (version 16) were applied to data analysis. The significance level in all tests was considered (α=0.05).
Results: The results showed that the cadmium average of imported and Iranian rice were 1.318 ±0.158 ppm and 1.191 ±0.834, respectively, which were higher than the standard of Food and Drug Administration and FAO. Also, the lead average of imported rice was 8.889 ppm with a standard deviation of 12.179 and 8.659 ppm and a standard deviation of 8.143 for Iranian rice which were higher than the standard of Food and Drug Administration and FAO; the difference was statistically significant.

Conclusion: The comparison of lead and cadmium heavy metals concentrations with the standard level showed the concentration of them in both Iranian and imported rice was completely above the standard. Considering the cumulative effects of heavy metals and its adverse effects on human societies, as well as the threat of food security needs to be paid special attention and periodic studies should be undertaken to provide more comprehensive information.

Keywords: Lead, Cadmium, Rice, Heavy Metals, Food, Kermanshah, Iran

Full-Text [PDF 489 kb] (855 Downloads) | | Full-Text (HTML) (723 Views)

Type of Study: Original Article | Subject: Environmental Health
Received: 2017/10/12 | Accepted: 2018/04/28 | Published: 2018/05/1

References

1. 1. Morekian R, Rezaee E, Azadbakht L, Mirlohi M. Cooking elements affecting on heavy metal concentration in rice. J Health Syst Res 2013;9(Suppl.1):1394-1405. (Full Text in Persian)

2. Noori K. A study on market distortions and its effectson rice supply, demand and import in Iran. Pajouhesh Va Sazandegi 2007;19(4):17-25. (Full Text in Persian)

3. Park JW, Choi SY, Hwang HJ, Kim YB. Fungal mycoflora and mycotoxins in Korean polished rice destined for humans. Int J Food Microbiol. 2005;103(3):14-303. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.02.001]

4. Saleh R, Cheraghi M, Lorestani B. Health Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Cadmium, LEAD, Arsenic) in Citrus Marketed in Tehran, Iran, 2015. Arch Hyg Sci 2017;6 (2):171-177. [DOI:10.29252/ArchHygSci.6.2.171]

5. Zarei A, Biglari H, Mobini M, Dargahi A, Ebrahimzadeh G, Narooie M.R, et al. Disinfecting poultry slaughterhouse wastewater using copper electrodes in the electrocoagulation process. Polish J Environ Stud 2018;27(4):1907-1912. [DOI:10.15244/pjoes/78150]

6. Mohammadi MJ, Yari AR, Saghazadeh M, Sobhanardakani S, Geravandi S, Afkar A, et al. A health risk assessment of heavy metals in people consuming Sohan in Qom, Iran. Toxin Rev 2017:35(3-4)1-9. [DOI:10.1080/15569543.2017.1362655]

7. Farrokhi M, Naimi-Joubani M, Dargahi A, Poursadeghiyan M, Ali Jamali H. Investigating activated sludge microbial population efficiency in heavy metals removal from compost leachate. Polish J Environ Stud 2018;27(2):623-627. [DOI:10.15244/pjoes/76029]

8. Das P, Samantaray S, Rout GR. Studies on cadmium toxicity in plants: A review. Environ Pollut 1997 31;98(1):29-36. [DOI:10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00110-3]

9. Fu J, Zhou Q, Liu J, Liu W, Wang T, Zhang Q, et al. High levels of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa L.) from a typical E-waste recycling area in southeast China and its potential risk to human health. Chemosphere 2008;71(7):75-1269. [DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.065]

10. Sharma RK, Agrawal M, Marshall F. Heavy metal contamination of soil and vegetables in suburban areas of Varanasi, Inlaid. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2007;66(2):258-266. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.11.007]

11. Sasan Z, Mohammadi MJ, Yari AR, Neisi A. Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals (Pb, Cd) by Tamarix along the Temby (Karon) River, Iran. Arch Hyg Sci 2017;6(2):182-188. [DOI:10.29252/ArchHygSci.6.2.182]

12. Shokrzadeh M, Paran-Davaji M, Shaki F. Study of the Amount of Pb, Cd and Cr in Imported Indian Rice to Iran and Tarom rice Produced in the Province of Golestan. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2014;23(109):115-123. (Full Text in Persian)

13. Mansouri B, Azadi N, Rezaei Z. Survey of Pb, Cd, and Cr concentrations in imported Indian and Pakistan rice distributed in Sanandaj city. Zanko J Med Sci 2015;16(49):44-49. (Full Text in Persian)

14. Morisshita T, Funoto N, Yoshizawa T, Kagawa K. Varietal differences in cadmium levels of rice grains of Japonica, Indica, Javanica and hybrid varieties produced in the same plot of a fild. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 1987;33(4):629-637. [DOI:10.1080/00380768.1987.10557611]

15. Yap DW, Adezrian J, Khairiah J, Ismail BS, Ahmad-Mahir R. The uptake of heavy metals by paddyplants (Oryza sativa) in Kota Marudu, Sabah, Malaysia. American-Eurasian J Agric Environ Sci 2009;6(1):16-19.

16. Bennett JP, Chiriboga E, Coleman J, Waller DM. Heavy metals in wild rice from northern Wisconsin. Sci Total Environ 2000;246(2-3):261-269. [DOI:10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00464-7]

17. Cao H, Chen J, Zhang J, Zhang H, Qiao L, Men Y. Heavy metals in rice and garden vegetables and their risks to inhabitants in the vicinity of an industrial zone in Jiangsu, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2010;22(11):1792-1799. [DOI:10.1016/S1001-0742(09)60321-1]

18. Mosayebi M, Mirzaee H. Determination of Mycotoxin Contamination and Heavy Metals in Edible Rice Imported to Golestan Province. Iran J Health Environ 2014;6(4):503-514. (Full Text in Persian)

19. Zazouli MA, Shokrzadeh M, Izanloo H, Fathi S. Cadmium content in rice and its daily intake in Ghaemshahr region of Iran. African J Biotechnol 2008;7(20):3686-3689.

20. Ghazanfarirad N, Dehghan K, Fakhernia M, Rahmanpour F, Bolouki M, Zeynali F, et al. Determination of lead, cadmium and arsenic metals in imported rice into the west Azerbaijan province, northwest of Iran. J Nov Appl Sci 2014;3-5:452-456.

21. Shakerian A, Rahimi E, Ahmadi M. Cadmium and lead content in several brands of rice grains (Oryza sativa) in central Iran. Toxicol Ind Health 2012;28(10):60-95. [DOI:10.1177/0748233711430979]

22. ASTM. Standard Guide for Preparation of Biological Samples for Inorganic Chemical Analysis. Pennsylvania: American Society of Testing and Material; 1999. p. 84-89.

23. Bakhtiarian A, Gholipour M, Ghazi- Khansari M. Lead and cadmium content of korbalrice in Northern Iran. Iranian J Pub Health 2001;30(3-4):129-132.

24. Al-Saleh I, Shinwari N. Report on the levels of cadmium, lead, and mercury in imported rice grain samples. Biol Trace Elem Res 2001;83(1):91-6. [DOI:10.1385/BTER:83:1:91]

25. Watanabe T, Shimbo S, Moon CS, Zhang ZW, Ikeda M. Cadmium contents in rice samples from various areas in the world. Sci Total Environ 1996;184(3):191-196. [DOI:10.1016/0048-9697(96)05100-5]

26. Zhang ZW, Moon CS, Watanabe T, Shimbo S, Ikeda M, Lead content of rice collected from various areas in the world. Sci Total Environ 1996;191(1-2):169-175. [DOI:10.1016/0048-9697(96)05257-6]

27. Hedayatifar R, falahi E, birjandi M. Determination of Cadmium and Lead levels in high consumed rice (Oryza Sativa L.) cultivated in Lorestan province and its comparison with national standards. Yafte 2011;12(4):15-22. (Full Text in Persian)

28. Shokrzadeh M, Rokni M A, Galstvan. Lead, Cadmium, and Chromium Concentrations in Irrigation Supply of/and Tarom Rice in Central Cities of Mazandaran Province-Iran. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2013;23(98):234-242. (Full Text in Persian)

29. Zarcinas BA, Pongsakul P, McLaughlin MJ, Cozens G. Heavy metals in soils and crops in Southeast Asia, Thailand. Environ Geochem Health 2004;26(4):359-371. [DOI:10.1007/s10653-005-4670-7]