Archives of

Introduction
Today, the importance of the human factor and its singular role as a strategic resource and designer and implementer of organizational systems and processes has been promoted to the degree that in advanced organizational thinking, human resources are considered the most important resource and asset of an organization. In this regard, today, organizations strive for their organization and reputation through elite human resources in the global arena to achieve rapid growth, efficiency, profitability, flexibility, adaptiveness, and preparedness for the future and attain a privileged position in their field of activity. Without these qualities, it would be truly impossible for organizations to perform competitively and efficiently against the highest standards [1]. In the contemporary world, human resources are of the utmost importance, and even the most renowned economists believe that human resources can stimulate economic and social development, and the main focus of organizations and administrations is to ensure that their human resources attend their workplace healthy, motivated, and content. Exercise and sports activities are considered the main strategies for maintaining such a workforce [2].
As an intervention, exercise can promote the health and well-being of society [3], and its development is of essential importance for any society. The promotion of physical activity is one of the most important and effective strategies for minimizing the risk of some diseases, decreasing social deviations, and enhancing joy and cheerfulness. In fact, exercise, as a main component of education, has a unique and determining role, and its different effects on society are obvious [4]. Therefore, some believe that they should reduce employees’ working hours and encourage exercise for their health, happiness, and joy, and in this regard, many lifestyles need to be altered and improved so that some sessions in the week should be devoted to sports activities [5]. This process and social strategy have led to the promotion of interest in the creation, development, and compilation of more professional information about the various effects of physical activity and exercise on the fitness and health of individuals [6]. In contrast, a sedentary lifestyle can lead to the development of different diseases, inactivity, and shortness of life, and any alternation in this, as a cause-effect cycle, can lead to positive or negative consequences. Urban lifestyle, although facilitated some aspects of life, has posed irreversible risks to societies today. Activity and physical exercise, one of the main needs of humans every
The Effect of Yoga on Organizational Happiness of Female Employees of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch
Yalda Amouzadeh1*ID, Faride Ashraf Ganjoui1ID, Sarah HajiAnzhaee1ID
1Islamic Azad University, Central Branch, Tehran, Iran
*Corresponding Author: Yalda Amouzadeh, Email: Blacky2003ir@yahoo.com
Abstract
Background & Aims: The present study was carried out to assess the effect of yoga on organizational happiness in female employees of the Tehran Islamic Azad University-Tehran Medical Sciences.
Materials and Methods: This randomized study was conducted in Tehran on 40 female employees in 2019. The volunteers were randomly assigned to two control and exercise groups. The exercise group (20 people) performed two sessions of yoga exercises every week for 12 weeks. The control group (20 people) only performed daily activities. After 12 weeks of training, the data was collected in both groups using the Hills and Argyle Standard Happiness Questionnaire (2002), which included 25 questions and 5 components. A group of expert faculty members confirmed the face and content validity of the instrument. Also, reliability was reported as 0.73 through Cronbach›s alpha test. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests and paired-sample t tests.
Results: Findings demonstrated that yoga had significant effects on the organizational happiness of female employees of the Tehran Azad University of Medical Sciences (P < 0.001).
Conclusion: Considering the findings, it can be concluded that yoga can promote the physical health and happiness of female personnel.
Keywords: Yoga, Organizations, Happiness, Women
Received: December 11, 2021, Accepted: March 12, 2022, ePublished: December 29, 2022
https://jhygiene.muq.ac.ir/
10.34172/AHS.11.4.369.2
Vol. 11, No. 4, 2022, 258-263
Original Article
Arch Hyg Sci. Volume 11, Number 4, 2022 259
Effect of Yoga on Organizational Happiness of Female Employees
day, are fading, and physical and behavioral risks have
increased [7]. Physical activity can be integrated into lives
of the society and particularly employees during daily
life. Although several studies on the effects of sports on
the physical and spiritual health of employees have been
conducted, there is limited evidence on yoga and its effect
on organizational happiness. In this regard, Seifpanahi
Shabani and Parvandi have recommended that for the
promotion of the function of the employees, aerobic
exercises should be regularly performed [8]. Alawi et
al demonstrated that physical activity can promote the
general health of employees. Therefore, it can be asserted
that through exercise and sport, the enhanced capacity
of employees against mental stress in the workplace can
guarantee their general health [9]. The results of the
studies of Fawaraq and Arzani Biryani demonstrated
that sports activities are considered the main causes of
happiness and have a positive and significant relationship
with joy, self-esteem, positive mood, self-confidence,
satisfaction with life, and mental health [10]. The results
of the studies by Kim and colleagues demonstrated that
participation in sports activities promotes happiness
among the elderly, and since they are the social assets of
any country, the activities that promote their happiness
should be encouraged and among them, sports and
physical activity should be a priority for all older
individuals [11]. Moreover, Kim and James investigated
the role of exercise in happiness and concluded that
both in the short term and in the long term, exercise can
promote happiness. They also found that exercise can
improve health and well-being [12].
Since exercise and physical activity can influence the
performance and productivity of employees and the
organization [13], it can be concluded that since the
happiness of employees may be different in different
cultures, cheerful employees bring happiness from
the workplace to their homes and from home to the
workplace. This indicates that there is a very close
relationship between people’s work and life.
The advantages of happiness can be classified into three
levels at any organization: 1) organization: increased
productivity indicators, improved decision-making
capacity, reduced absenteeism, and employee sick leave,
and increased energy of cheerful people to work, 2)
managers: variables of supervising a competitive task,
fulfillment of the organization mission statement, public
appreciation, improvement of supervision and leadership
values 3) employees: variables of emotional intelligence,
happiness at home, increased concentration and passion at
work [14]. On the other hand, Chaiprasit and Santidhiraku
described the five following factors for happiness at
work: 1) work passion, 2) shared organizational value, 3)
communication, 4) quality of work life, and 5) leadership
[15]. Similarly, Malekzadeh and Rahnama considered
four factors as indicators of happiness: 1) employment
status, 2) income, 3) friendship with colleagues, and 4)
work duties [16]. However, nowadays, in organizations,
in addition to the mentioned ones, other factors such as
physical activity are known to promote organizational
happiness. Therefore, it can be asserted that cheerful
employees can have more organizational motivation and
commitment, which in turn, enhances the organization’s
productivity [17]. Moreover, as physical activities and
sports are considered an undeniable necessity in the
current situations in different societies of the world, and
due to the advancement of technology and consequent
sedentary lifestyle, the need to dedicate some hours to
physical activity is widely accepted [18]. On the other
hand, yoga is employed as an exercise to improve
physical, mental, and social health and enhance the
conception of health. This is because yoga connects
the mind and body, and its ultimate goal is to balance
both as a life philosophy. Moreover, to maximize the
performance of their employees, organizations aim to
establish a balance between their work and life, and
in this regard, the provision of a balance between their
mind and body can be of great importance. Therefore, as
exercise can promote positive emotions in employees and
reduce negative ones, which leads to the improvement of
the performance of employees, the main question of the
current research is whether yoga exercises can promote
organizational happiness at the Azad University of
Medical Sciences female employees.
2. Materials and Methods
This randomized study was conducted in the form of pretest
and post-test on female employees of Tehran Islamic
Azad University of Medical Sciences in the fall of 2019.
The study population consisted of all the female
employees of Tehran Islamic Azad University of
Medical Sciences who were selected through the
available sampling method among the volunteers. The
sample size was estimated to be 40 people, and among
eligible volunteers, 40 women were selected as the study
population and were divided into two training and control
groups. The inclusion criteria included: completing an
informed consent form, being in perfect health (based
on the medical records), not having any neurological or
psychological diseases, having no hypertension, not being
a smoker, not using certain drugs, and having a sedentary
lifestyle (having no regular sports activities in the past six
months before the study and having less than one session
of physical training in a week.
Also, among the exclusion criteria, the following can
be mentioned: not participating in 3 consecutive training
sessions or 4 alternating sessions, injury during the
training sessions, and refusal from participation in the
study. All 40 subjects had continuous participation for
twelve weeks and complied with all conditions. Before the
initiation of the training protocol, a briefing session was
Amouzadeh et al
260 Arch Hyg Sci. Volume 11, Number 4, 2022
held with the presence of the researcher to familiarize the
subjects with the research methods, allocate them to the
training groups, explain the day and time of the training
sessions, and other necessary briefings. In this session, the
subjects were asked to refrain from any other physical and
sports activities or participating in competitions during
the study period. Moreover, the subjects were briefed to
follow further recommendations of the yoga instructor
to control and eliminate the effect of confounders on the
outcomes. Subsequently, personal information forms
were completed, which included age, education level,
duration of employment, and medical records, and a
written informed consent form for participation in the
training sessions were completed. Moreover, the subjects
who were to practice yoga exercises (experimental group)
were required to participate in the sessions, which were
to be held for twelve weeks, two sessions per week, and
each session was about one hour. In this study, subjects
performed selected yoga exercises and asanas in three
levels: 1) beginner level (first and the second week),
intermediate level (third to the seventh week), and 3)
advanced level (8th to the 12th week).
The exercises were selected based on the instructions
of an experienced yoga tutor about the research variable,
which included:
• The principles of the exercises, correct sitting, and
standing postures sleeping on the back and stomach
for yoga exercises understanding the correct postures
of the body during the exercises and daily life and
having insight about incorrect postures in daily
activities.
• Yoga stretching movements and Pawan Mukta
Asanas, which are a set of movements for circulation
of the synovial fluid and relieving joint stiffness.
• Strength, endurance, and yoga balance exercises as
activities
• Dynamic yoga exercises for integration
The duration of the classes was 3 months (12 weeks) and
each week included 2 yoga sessions. The duration of each
session was 60 minutes. Sessions were held on Saturdays
and Tuesdays from 16:00 to 17:00. People were asked
to attend class in comfortable clothes. Exercises were
performed at three levels: beginner, intermediate and
advanced. The training program was based on the Hatha
Yoga method and included: Shraavana (body release
exercises), Asanas (physical movements), Pranayama
(breathing exercises), relaxation, and Yoga Nidra. Before
the commencement of the main exercises, 15 minutes was
dedicated to relaxing the body and loosening cramps and
contractions, stretching movements, and general body
warm-ups. Then 30 minutes of main asanas (physical
movements) and pranayama (breathing exercises) were
performed. In the end, there was a 5-minute cooling
down time to return the body to its physiological state,
followed by 10 minutes of relaxation or yoga Nidra for
relaxing the mind and muscles. During Yoga Nidra, the
subjects were asked to repeat a sentence to themselves 3
times: “I have a healthy and strong body and a tranquil
mind”.
2.1. Yoga Nidra
An exercise in lying on the back position which causes
deeper relaxation and tranquility.
Yoga exercises are usually performed in standing,
sitting, and lying positions. Therefore, before the first
session, the correct postures of standing, sitting, and
sleeping was explained.
In this research, ethical considerations included: 1)
the present research was conducted with the technical
and staff support of Nova Scientific Yoga Institute, 2)
the subjects participated in the study willingly with
their consent, 3) all stages and practice levels were
fully explained 4) The participants were assured about
the confidentiality of information including names,
demographic information, and evaluation results, 5)
participation did not involve any costs. To collect data,
Hills and Argyle’s standard happiness questionnaire,
which included 25 questions and 5 components, was
used [19]. After receiving the opinions of the experts (10
sports management faculties) about the face and content
validity of the questionnaire and necessary amendments,
a questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale (completely
disagree to completely agree) was prepared. Moreover, in
a preliminary study using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient,
the reliability of the questionnaire was estimated at 0.73.
Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used
to analyze the data. Shapiro–Wilk test was used to assess
the normality of the questionnaires. Data were analyzed
using independent t test. The SPSS software version 25
and Excel software version 10 were used for data analyses.
3. Results
The results of the descriptive analyses showed that among
40 people in the statistical sample, the age range of 10
people (0.25%) was 36 to 40 years old, 20 people (0.50%)
were between 41 to 45 years old, and 10 people (0.25%)
were between 46 to 50 years old. The educational level
of 6 people (16.0%) was a pre-bachelor degree, 16 people
had a bachelor’s degree (40.0%), and 18 had master’s
degrees. The duration of employment of 24 participants
was less than 10 years (60.0%), 11 persons (27.5%) 10 to
20 years, and 5 individuals (12.5%) were more than 25
years. Table 1 demonstrates that the distribution of the
organizational happiness variables was normal because
the probability of error or significance (P) was greater
than the error level of 0.05. The data tabulated in Table 1
indicates that the average effect of yoga exercises on the
organizational happiness of female employees of Tehran
Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences in the pretest
in the control group was (1.8000 ± 0.767) and in the
Arch Hyg Sci. Volume 11, Number 4, 2022 261
Effect of Yoga on Organizational Happiness of Female Employees
experimental group was (2.1000 ± 0.718).
The independent t-test of the effects of yoga exercises on
organizational happiness in the pre-test of the research
groups demonstrated that the level of significance
was greater than 0.05 (P value = 0.465 and t = -1.276).
Therefore, there was no significant difference between the
control and experimental groups in terms of the effects of
yoga exercises on organizational happiness in the pre-test
of the research groups (Table 2).
The results of the t test for dependent groups demonstrated
that there was no significant difference between the average
effects of yoga exercise on organizational happiness in the
control group (P value = 0.379 and t = -0.900). However,
the average effects of yoga exercises on organizational
happiness in the experimental group were significant (P
value = 0.001 and t = -9.195); therefore, the mean effects
of yoga exercises on organizational happiness in the posttest
of the experimental group increased significantly
compared to the pre-test time (Table 3).
Table 4 demonstrates that the average post-test effect of
yoga exercises on organizational happiness in the control
group was (1.9500 ± 0.604) and in the experimental group
was (5.0000 ± 0.858). As Figure 1 reveals the average of it
was significantly more in experimental group rather than
control one.
The results of the independent t test analysis of yoga
exercises on the organizational happiness of female
employees of Tehran Islamic Azad University of Medical
Sciences in the post-test of the research groups showed that
the significance level was less than 0.05 (P value = 0.001 and
t = 12.990). Therefore, there was a significant difference
between the control and experimental groups in terms
of the effects of yoga exercises on the organizational
happiness of female employees of Tehran Islamic Azad
University of Medical Sciences in the post-test of the
research groups and the average effect of yoga exercises
on the organizational happiness of female employees
of Tehran Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences
was higher in the experimental group compared to the
control group (Table 5).
4. Discussion
Today, the rampant use of machines in most activities,
both in the workplace and at home, has dramatically
decreased physical activity levels [20].
Therefore, the work style is mainly mental and
intellectual, the physical aspect of life and physical
activity have alarmingly decreased, and people may sit at
their desks for hours and only use two eyesight and touch
senses to carry out their daily activities, and do not have
any particular physical activity [13].
This per se can lead to many diseases, such as
chronic muscle pains, and significantly decreases the
concentration and performance of employees with huge
direct economic impacts and a significant decrease in
their livelihoods. As a result, productivity in offices and
organizations decreases [21]. But management standards
require that employees have good morale so that they can
increase their work efficiency and present in the workplace
cheerfully and with enthusiasm in work and professional
activities [22]. Therefore, this research investigated the
effect of yoga exercises on the organizational happiness of
female employees of Azad Islamic University of Medical
Sciences in Tehran.
The findings of the study demonstrated that yoga
exercises have a significant effect on the organizational
happiness of female employees of Tehran Islamic
Azad University of Medical Sciences. These results are
consistent with the results of studies by Ahmadi et al [23],
Fawaraq and Arzani Biryani [10], and Kim and James et
al [12]. Ahmadi et al stated that considering the effects
of sports activities and their role in the promotion of
livelihood in the workplace environment, several studies
in the past two decades have been conducted with a focus
on this issue, and the results demonstrated that content
employees have sports activities during the week [23].
The productivity of cheerful employees increases, and
this not only increases productivity but also promotes
Table 1. Statistics of the control and experimental groups of yoga exercises on organizational happiness in the pre-test
Number Mean Standard deviation Mean deviation error
Yoga exercises on organizational Control group 20 1.8000 0.767 0.171
Happiness Experimental group 20 2.1000 0.718 0.160
Table 2. Comparison of the average of yoga exercises on organizational happiness of the research groups in the pre-test
Levene's test T test
F P value t Degree of freedom P value Mean difference Difference in standard error
0.545 0.465 -1.276 38 o.210 -0.30000 0.235
-1.276 37.832 o.210 -0.30000 0.235
Table 3. Comparison of pre-test and post-test average yoga exercises on
organizational happiness in research groups
Group Number
Pre-test Post-test
t P value
Mean ± SD Mean ± SD
Control 20 1.8000 ± 0.767 1.9500 ± 0.604 -0.900 0.379
Experimental 20 2.1000 ± 0.718 5.0000 ± 0.858 -9.195 0.001
Amouzadeh et al
262 Arch Hyg Sci. Volume 11, Number 4, 2022
the quality of the products and generates pride and
commitment to work in employees [24]. Nowadays, as
people spend most of their time in their offices, if they
have a cheerful workplace, they can enjoy the benefits.
Many managers believe that there is no place for happiness
in the workplace. Nonetheless, today, employees need
refreshing work. The creation of a balance between these
two conflicting expectations is challenging. Happiness
and work are not conflicting, and they can exist together.
Work has the highest productivity when its environment
is cheerful [23]. The results of the study demonstrated
that the significance level in the post-test of the research
groups was smaller than 0.05.
Therefore, there was a significant post-test difference
between the experimental and control groups in terms
of the effects of yoga exercises on the organizational
happiness of female employees of Tehran Islamic Azad
University of Medical Sciences and the average of
the effects of yoga on the organizational happiness of
female employees of Tehran Azad University of Medical
Sciences in the experimental group was greater than
the control group. It can be stated that sports activities,
particularly yoga, can promote happiness, and as sports
and physical activities increase plasma endorphin levels,
they can promote happiness and also increase serotonin
(a hormone influential on temperament) levels. On the
other hand, yoga exercises are easy, comfortable, and
low-cost sports activities with a significant effect on the
happiness of female employees of Azad University of
Medical Sciences. Therefore, considering the impressive
effects of yoga on physical and spiritual health, it is of
great importance that awareness-raising through media
and conferences should be conducted, and necessary
arrangements should be made so that this important
activity is implemented in educational and organizational
environments. Yoga was one of the strengths of this
study, as this exercise can lead to different responses and
adaptations in comparison with other exercises. There
were also limitations in the study. As the questionnaire
only evaluated the viewpoints of the employees, it cannot
be considered an accurate instrument for the evaluation
of reality. One other limitation of the study was the lack
of generalization of the findings to other universities.
Therefore, it may be suggested that in other situations,
this research should be conducted, and the results should
be compared.
5. Conclusion
Considering the results, it is recommended that to
ensure physical health and happiness in organizations,
the authorities of the university of medical sciences
should dedicate some hours to it during the day so that
female employees can exercise yoga. It is advisable that
the managers of medical universities should provide
the requirements for the implementation of physical
activity and sports in the organization. The managers and
authorities may believe that sports activities may decrease
the performance of the employees. It is suggested to
the managers of the university of medical sciences that
sports activities not only do not damage activities and
work, but also can promote competence of the employees
through maximizing their physical and spiritual health,
and the employees can continue their work with energy
and happiness many times more, and enjoy being in the
workplace. Moreover, it is recommended to the managers
of the medical university should be innovative in the
implementation of sports activities to ensure the health
and liveliness of the employees in the workplace. This
intelligent and conscious decision can lead to savings in
organizational costs.
Table 4. Control and experimental group statistics for yoga exercises effects on organizational happiness in the post-test
Number Mean ± SD Mean deviation error
Yoga exercises on organizational Control group 20 1.9500 ± 0.604 0.135
Happiness Experimental group 20 5.0000 ± 0.858 0.191
Table 5. Comparison of the average of yoga exercises on organizational happiness in the post-test of the research groups
Levene's test T test
F P value t Degree of freedom P value Mean of difference standard error difference
Equal variance assumption 4.710 0.036 -12.900 38 0.001 -3.05000 0.234
Unequal variance assumption 4.710 0.036 -12.900 34.135 0.001 -3.05000 0.234
Figure 1. The difference between the means of organization happiness in
the control and experimental groups
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
control experimental
The difference between the means of the control and
experimental groups in organizational happiness
Arch Hyg Sci. Volume 11, Number 4, 2022 263
Effect of Yoga on Organizational Happiness of Female Employees
Acknowledgments
This article is extracted from a registered thesis of Islamic Azad
University. I express my gratitude to all parties involved and all
who participated.
Conflict of interests
The authors did not have any conflicts of interest.
Financial Support
This research was conducted with the personal financial support
of the authors.
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